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gasteroid fungi
The gasteroid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota. Species were formerly placed in the obsolete class Gasteromycetes Fr. (literally "stomach fungi"), or the equally obsolete order Gasteromycetales Rea, because they produce their spores inside their basidiocarps (fruit bodies) rather than on an outer surface.〔Kirk PM. ''et al.'' (2008). ''Dictionary of the fungi'' 10th edition. Wallingford: CABI ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8〕 The class is artificial, however, since species—which include puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and false truffles—are not closely related to each other. Because they are often studied as a group, it has been convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "gasteroid fungi".
==History==
Several gasteroid fungi—such as the stinkhorn, ''Phallus impudicus'' L.—were formally described by Linnaeus in his original ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753, but the first critical treatment of the group was by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in his ''Synopsis methodica fungorum'' of 1801.〔Persoon CH. (1801) ''(Synopsis methodica fungorum )''〕 Until 1981, this book was the starting point for the naming of Gasteromycetes under the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants''. Although the starting point was subsequently put back to 1753, names of gasteroid fungi used in Persoon's book are still sanctioned and cannot be replaced by earlier names.〔McNeill J. ''et al.'' (2006). ''(International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code)'': Article13.1.d )〕 Elias Magnus Fries introduced the name Gasteromycetes for a class of fungi in his ''Systema Mycologicum'' of 1821, although (not using a microscope) he included many species of the Ascomycota (such as truffles) within the class. Fries contrasted the Gasteromycetes with the Hymenomycetes, where spores are produced externally on gills, pores, and other surfaces.〔Fries EM. (1821). ''(Systema Mycologicum )''.〕
This convenient division continued to be used for the next 150 years or so, although by the middle of the twentieth century it had become evident that Gasteromycetes was an artificial class (bringing together a miscellany of unrelated species) and not a natural one. In a 1995 study of British species, Pegler, ''et al.'' noted that "these fungi represent an heterogeneous assemblage, a mixture of forms which are derived from various lineages...() can be collectively referred to as ''gasteroid fungi'', but they cannot be classified as a single group."〔Pegler DN ''et al.'' (1995). ''British puffballs, earthstars and stinkhorns: an account of the British gasteroid fungi.'' Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens ISBN 0-947643-81-8〕 DNA-based systematic research has, not unexpectedly, confirmed the diversity of the gasteroid fungi.〔Hibbett DS ''et al.'' (1997). Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Science'' 94: 12002–12006.〕〔Kruger D ''et al.'' (2001) The Lycoperdales. A molecular approach to the systematics of some gasteroid mushrooms. ''Mycologia'' 93:947–957.〕〔Binder M, Bresinsky A. (2002). Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors. ''Mycologia'' 94: 85–98.〕
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